A Guide to Incubating and Hatching Eggs
Egg Candling:
All incubated eggs will not hatch. It is probable that only 90 percent or less of incubated eggs are fertile. Removal of eggs that can be identified as infertile or dead eliminates possible sources of contamination from the incubator. Candling can be used to identify some of these eggs.
Shining a light through the egg to observe embryo development is called "candling." White or pale eggs are more easily candled than dark or speckled eggs. Many people use small flashlights with lenses the size of a nickel that can be focused to candle eggs. Excellent candlers also can be purchased at a reasonable cost. Simple candling devices can be made by inserting a light into a container and cutting a small hole to emit light, or by taping a cone formed from several thick- nesses of paper over the lens of a bright light projector. The hole that allows light to pass from the tip of the cone should be the size of a dime or quarter (depending upon the size of the egg).
In a dark room, hold the egg to the light of the candler to observe the contents of the egg. Cooling that occurs for short periods (less than 10 minutes) during careful examination of eggs does not harm the development of the embryo. However, limit the exposure of the egg to the hot light source. Even a brief period at 104 degrees F kills all embryos..
The presence of embryos can be confirmed easily after 8 days to 12 days of incubation. The embryo is located in the large end of the egg, where blood vessels radiate under the surface of the shell. The embryo appears as a dark spot that becomes larger as incubation progresses. Eventually only a dark mass and the air cell are seen. An infertile or unincubated egg brightly transmits light in comparison. Remove infertile or nongrowing eggs from the incubator. If questions arise about candling, contact someone with experience for advice.
Dead embryos will sometimes appear as a ring or smear of blood in the egg or a dark spot dried to the inside of the shell. The living embryo will appear as a dark spot in the large end of the egg surrounded by a faint outline of blood vessels. The blood vessels will appear firm and distinct. After embryo death, the embryo no longer grows and the blood system fades.
Retain records of egg infertility or embryo death. Some mortality can be expected, however, unusual occurrences of mortality or certain characteristics of the mortality can be indicators of practices that can be corrected to improve hatchability.
Temperature and humidity during storage
Positioning and turning eggs during storage
Temperature, humidity and ventilation of incubator
Signs of Deficiency in the Embryo